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Module chrome is a term for PHP functions that provide some optional HTML markup in which the module code is placed. This is often called a wrapper for the module output.

Module chrome allows template designers to have a certain amount of control over the way the output from a Module is displayed in their template. Essentially, it consists of a small amount of predefined HTML which is inserted before, after, or around the output from each module, and which can then be styled using CSS. Module chrome is commonly used to provide borders around modules, especially with rounded corners, but it can be used for much more than that.

Module chrome is determined by using the 'style' attribute in the statement calling the module. For example, the following statement may be used in the index.php file of a template to insert the Modules in the 'user1' position and apply the 'custom' Module chrome:

<jdoc:include type="modules" name="user1" style="custom" />

It can be seen that the same Module chrome is applied to every Module in that position - in other words, if you want to have two Modules in a column, but want them to have different Module chrome, then they would need to be set up as two different 'positions' (e.g. 'user1' and 'user2').

The standard Joomla! 1.5+ package includes six default Module chrome styles. However, the flexibility of the template system means that you are not limited to these styles - it's very easy to create as many new styles as you want!

Reference: http://docs.joomla.org/Glossary

Extensible markup language that defines a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. XML files are used in Joomla for installation files, options, and JForm forms.

It stands for Extensible hypertext markup language and is an application of XML. Most Joomla pages are based on XHTML.

A “what you see is what you get” editor.

A Joomla module that allows you to “wrap” directly other Web sites for display on your Joomla site at a specific location as determined by the Module Position and the Pages Items section. The web page is inserted as an Inline Frame (also called an Iframe) into the web site layout template.

The program that uses client/server models. It provides the communication between the browser on the client device and the server where the website files and database are stored. Joomla works with two leading web servers: Apache and Microsoft IIS (Microsoft's Internet Information Server).

One of the elements of the model-view-controller design pattern used for Joomla core components. The view is responsible for generating output sent to the browser by the component. The base API class we use for views is called JView.

A link in the back-end that allow you to see what the front-end would look like while you’re still working in the back-end.

Joomla uses groups as a method of assigning permissions.

Default groups: Public, Guest, Manager, Administrator, Registered, Author, Editor, Publisher, Publisher, Super Users. However, you can create unlimited user-defined Groups.

An article that doesn’t belong to any category.

Template overrides are a way of changing the way Joomla shows something without changing the basic or core Joomla system. A template override is a layout file that is placed in a special subfolder of the template. If found, it will replace the standard layout file for that template.This means that as Joomla is upgraded to new versions you will not have to repeat all the changes you made.

Template style is a feature introduced in Joomla 2.5 that allows users to assign different template styles to individual menu items. By default, Joomla! assigns a template style to all menu items upon installation. A yellow star indicates the default template style in use. A default template style can be partially or completely overridden by assigning different template styles to the desired menu items in order to obtain a different look for their respective pages.

A template style can be assigned to menu items one of two ways.

Template manager Extensions ? Template Manager

Editing a menu item under Menus ? Menu Name ? Menu item

Reference: http://docs.joomla.org/Glossary